Understanding Teratogenicity and Its Effects on Fetal Development

Teratogenicity refers to the ability of a substance or agent to cause birth defects. Teratogens are substances that can cause malformations or developmental abnormalities in an embryo or fetus during pregnancy. These effects can be caused by exposure to the substance during critical periods of fetal development, which typically occur before the 12th week of pregnancy.
Teratogenicity can result from a variety of mechanisms, including:
Genetic mutations: Exposure to certain chemicals or radiation can cause genetic mutations that can lead to birth defects.
Hormonal disruption: Some teratogens can interfere with hormone signaling during pregnancy, leading to developmental abnormalities.
Cellular differentiation: Teratogens can affect the process of cellular differentiation, which is critical for proper fetal development.
Growth regulation: Some teratogens can disrupt normal growth patterns, leading to abnormalities in size or shape.
Teratogenicity can be caused by a wide range of substances, including:
Alcohol and other drugs
Certain medications (such as valproic acid and thalidomide)
Infections (such as rubella and toxoplasmosis)
Environmental pollutants (such as lead and mercury)
It is important for pregnant women to avoid exposure to known teratogens whenever possible, as the risks of birth defects can be significant. If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, it is important to discuss any medications or substances you are taking with your healthcare provider to ensure that they are safe for your developing fetus.