Understanding Zimmis in Islamic Law: History and Critique

Zimmis (Arabic: زميم, romanized: Zimmi) is a term used in Islamic law to refer to non-Muslim subjects of a Muslim state who are not considered equal to Muslims under the law. The term is derived from the Arabic word "zimma," which means "protection" or "covenant."

In Islamic tradition, zimmis are considered dhimmis, or "protected people," and are required to pay a special tax called jizya in exchange for the protection afforded to them by the Muslim state. Dhimmis are also subject to certain legal and social restrictions, such as not being able to bear arms or testify against Muslims in court.

The concept of zimmis has been used throughout history to justify the subordination and marginalization of non-Muslim communities living under Islamic rule. In modern times, the term has been criticized for perpetuating discrimination and inequality against religious minorities in Muslim-majority countries.