Understanding Ibid: A Guide to Using Ibidem in Academic Writing

Ibid. is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase "ibidem," which means "in the same place." It is commonly used in academic writing, particularly in footnotes and endnotes, to refer back to a previous source or citation that was mentioned earlier in the text.

For example, if you want to reference a book that was previously cited in your text, you might use "ibid." followed by the page number(s) where the information can be found. This saves space and makes it easier for readers to locate the relevant information.

Here's an example of how ibid. might be used in a footnote:

"As we saw earlier (ibid. 34-35)."

In this case, the reader can look back at the previous citation on page 34-35 to find the information being referenced.